| Question |
Answer |
| By _______ months of age, kidney function is nearly like that of the adult.
|
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6-12 months
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| What substances aren't reabsorbed as well in the kidneys in premature infants? (4) |
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In premature infants, the reabsorption of glucose, sodium, bicarbonate, and phosphate is reduced
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| Why are the infant's kidneys not as effective in concetration urine as an older child's/adult's? |
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The kidneys cannot concentrate urine as efficiently because only 20% of the nephrons don’t have long enough loops of Henle to reach the inner medulla, where concentration and reabsorption occur.
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| What physiological difference in young children (as opposed to adults) makes them more susceptible to urinary tract infections? |
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Young children have shorter urethras, which can predispose them to urinary tract infection
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| At what age do most children have voluntary bladder control? |
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Between ages 4-5
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| T/F Children with acute renal failure can regain kidney function. |
|
True
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| What is the normal urine specific gravity in the pediatric population? |
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Specific gravity – normal 1.002 – 1.030
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| What is the normal pH of urine in the pediatric population? |
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pH of urine – 4.6 – 8.0
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| What are the signs and symptoms of a urinary disorder in a neonate? |
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Poor feeding, Vomiting, Failure to thrive, Rapid respiration (acidosis), Respiratory distress, Spontaneous pneumothorax, Frequent urination, Screaming on urination, Poor urinary stream, Jaundice, Seizures, Dehydration, Enlarged kidneys or bladder
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| What are the signs and symptoms of a urinary disorder or disease in infancy? |
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Poor feeding, Vomiting, Failure to thrive, Excessive thirst, but doesn’t want milk. Prefers glucose water, Frequent urination, Straining or screaming on urination, Foul smelling urine, Pallor, Fever, Persistent diaper rash, Seizures, Dehydration, Enlarged kidneys or bladder.
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| What are the signs and symptoms of a urinary disorder or disease in childhood? |
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Poor appetite, Vomiting, Growth failure, Excessive thirst, Enuresis, incontinence, frequent urination, painful urination, Swelling of face, Seizures, Pallor, Fatigue, Blood in urine, Abdominal or back pain, Edema, Hypertension, Tetany
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| Why is the use of a Fleet enema dangerous for children with chronic renal failure? |
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Use of Fleet enema in children with chronic renal failure is potentially lethal because it can cause hyperphosphatemia.
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| How is the glomerular filtration rate different in infants and young toddlers when compared to an adult? |
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It is slower
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| Why is an infant/young toddler at greater risk for dehydration than an adult? |
|
Their kidneys are less able to concentrate urine and reabsorb amino acids
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| The renal syste usually reaches functional maturity at around ______ years of age. |
|
2 years of age
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| Bladder capacity is about _____ mL in the newborn, making it not unusual if they void between 9-10 times a day. |
|
30 mL
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| The expected urine output of an infant/young toddler is ______mL/kg/hour. |
|
0.5-2 mL/kg/hr
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| What maternal history might be significant when assessing a child for a renal disorder/disease? (5) |
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Polyhydramnios, oligohydramnios, diabetes, HTN, or alcohol/cocaine ingestion.
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| What neonatal history might be significant when assessing a child for a renal disorder/disease? |
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Single umbilical artery, abdominal mass, chromosome abnormality, or congenital malformation
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| What medications are used to treat/prevent bladder spasms in the pediatric population? |
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Anticholinergics like oxybutynin, propantheline, bromide, or a belladonna & opium suppository
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