| Question |
Answer |
| What is heart failure? |
|
Impaired cardiac pumping
|
| What are the three diseases most closely associated with heart failure? |
|
CAD, long-standing hypertension and MI
|
| What is the most common cause of hospitalization in people over the age of 65 in the US? |
|
Heart failure
|
| Which type of ventricular failure (systolic or diastolic) is the most common cause of heart failure? |
|
Systolic
|
| In _______ ventricular failure, the left ventricle loses its ability to generate enough pressure to eject blood into the aorta. EF is reduced from impaired contractile function (MI), increased afterload (hypertension), cardiomyopathy or mechanical abnormalities. |
|
Systolic
|
| _______ ventricular failure is characterized by high filling pressures in the ventricles due to stiff or non-compliant ventricles which results in venous engorgement in the pulmonary and vascular systems. |
|
Diastolic
|
| What are the signs and symptoms indicative of a diastolic cause of heart failure? |
|
Pulmonary congestion, pulmonary hypertension, ventricular hypertrophy and normal EF
|
| What are the signs and symptoms of a systolic ventricular failure being the cause of heart failure? |
|
Decreased EF
|
| Systolic or Diastolic Failure?
MI, hypertension, Cardiomyopathy, Mechanical abnormality like valvular heart disease |
|
Systolic...this are all pathologies that contribute
|
| Systolic or Diastolic Failure?
Left ventricular hypertrophy from chronic hypertension, aortic stenosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
|
Diastolic
|
|
|
| Which gender experiences diastolic failure more frequently? |
|
Women
|
| Chronic or Acute causes of Heart Failure?
CAD, hypertension, Rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart disease, Cor pulmonale, cardiomyopathy, anemia, bacterial endocarditis, valvular disorder |
|
Chronic
|
| Chronic or Acute cause of heart failure?
MI, dysrhythmias, pulmonary emboli, thyrotoxicosis, hypertension crisis, Ventricular septal defect, Myocarditis |
|
Acute
|
| Which drug is only approved for use in African Americans to treat heart failure? |
|
Isosorbide Dinitrate and hydralazine (BiDil)
|
| Which race is most likely to experience the cough associated with ACE inhibitors? |
|
Asians
|
| ________ is characterized by an extremely poor ejection fraction (less than 35%), high pulmonary pressures, and biventricular failure, low systemic BP, low CO and poor renal perfusion. |
|
Mixed systolic/diastolic failure, most often caused by Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)
|
| What are the 4 main mechanisms used by the body to compensate for heart failure? |
|
SNS activation, neurohormonal responses, ventricular dilation and ventricular hypertrophy
|
| What happens when the SNS is activated by low cardiac output from heart failure? |
|
Catecholamines are released (epinephrine, norepinephrine) to increase heart rate and contractility and peripheral vasoconstriction. Over time, this leads to increased need for oxygen and ultimately leads to poorer ventricular function.
|
| What is the neurohormonal response to low cardiac output from heart failure? |
|
Kidney release renin to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
Lungs release a converting enzyme to change angiotensin I to angiotensin II
Adrenal cortex releases aldosterone
Posterior pituitary releases ADH
Endothelin release is stimulated (from vascular endothelium)
|
| What cytokines are released by cardiac myocytes in response to cardiac injury and what do they do? |
|
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) and Interleukin-1 (IL-1). They cause cardiac hypertrophy, contractile dysfunction, and myocyte cell death
|
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