| Question |
Answer |
| _________ is an infection of the innermost layer of the heart and heart valves. |
|
Infective endocarditis
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| How is infective endocarditis typically treated? |
|
With penicillin
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| Subacute forms of endocarditis affect people who.... |
|
Have an existing valve disease
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| Acute forms of endocarditis typically impact people who... |
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Have healthy heart valves. Presents as a radically progressive illness
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| _______ is the term used for the primary lesions associated with infective endocarditis. They consist of fibrin, leukocytes, and microbes that adhere to the valve surface or endocardium. |
|
Vegetations
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| Where are vegetations located in the left side of the heart most likely to embolize to? |
|
The brain, kidneys or spleen
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| Where are vegetations located in the right side of the heart most likely to embolize to? |
|
The lungs
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| What are the 5 major risk factors for development of infective endocarditis (IE)? |
|
Age over 50 (from calcified aortic stenosis), intravenous drug abuse, a prosthetic valve, a nosocomial infection from an intravascular device placement, or renal dialysis
|
| What is the primary cause of left side endocarditis? |
|
Underlying heart disease and bacterial infection
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| What is the primary cause of right side endocarditis? |
|
Intravenous Drug Abuse
|
|
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| What are the s/s of infective endocarditis? |
|
Low grade fever, chills, weakness, malaise, fatigue, anorexia, arthralgias, myalgias, back pain, abdominal discomfort, weight loss, headaches, clubbing of fingers (subacute form). Splinter hemorrhages, petechiae in the eyes, mouth, ankles, feet and/or antecubital spaces, Osler's nodes on the fingertips or toes, Janeway's lesions on the palms and soles. Murmurs
|
| Painful, tender, red or purple pea sized lesions on the fingertips or toes are called _________, and can be a sign of infective endocarditis. |
|
Osler's nodes
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| Flat, painless, small red spots on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet are called __________, and can be a sign of endocarditis. |
|
Janeway's lesions
|
| What are Roth's spots? |
|
Hemorrhagic retinal lesions, a sign of endocarditis
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| What valves are the most likely to be the source of a new murmur developed from endocarditis? |
|
Aortic (early diastolic) or mitral (mid to late systolic)
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| Which type of murmur from infective endocarditis is most likely to herald an onset of heart failure in a patient's future? |
|
Aortic. 80% develop heart failure
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| What lab study is usually sufficient in diagnosing endocarditis? |
|
Two blood cultures drawn 30 minutes apart
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| For a patient with a cardiac condition that puts them at risk for endocarditis, what procedures necessitate prophylactic antibiotics? |
|
Any dental work with a risk of bleeding, tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy, surgeries/biopsies involving respiratory mucosa, bronchoscopy, endoscopy, colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy or any surgery that disrupts mucosal lining of the GI tract, cytoscopy, laparoscopy or prostatic surgery.
|
| Which types of infective endocarditis don't respond well to antibiotic therapy? How are they treated? |
|
Fungal infections or prosthetic valve endocarditis. They are treated with valve replacement and drugs. Heart failure and endocarditis don't respond well to anything.
|
| How long is a patient with IE typically on antibiotic therapy for? |
|
4-6 weeks
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