| Question |
Answer |
| What are the risk factors for endometrial cancer? |
|
obesity; high fat diet; no babies; white; over 40; + family history; diabetes; history of breast or ovarian cancer; and HRT.
|
| Symptoms not explained by local or distant tumor spread or hormone release... |
|
Paraneoplastic Syndrome
|
| ...related to sleep disturbance, malnutrition, activity level and psychosocial factors... |
|
Fatigue
|
| Anorexia, early satiety, weight loss, anemia, asthenia, taste alterations, and altered metabolism are all components of... |
|
the syndrome of cachexia.
|
| _______ refers to the problems that occur due to a disease. |
|
Morbidity
|
| What are the signs and symptoms of a Pheochromocytoma- catecholamine producing tumor? |
|
difficult to treat hypertension; increased heart rate; severe headaches; tachycardia; profuse diaphoresis; flushing; sweating; weight loss; hyperglycemia; heart failure if severe; and apprehension.
|
| What are signs and symptoms of a Wilm tumor? |
|
abdominal swelling; hematuria; vague abdominal pain; HTN; sometimes palpable mass; and weight loss.
|
| Bence-Jones protein is a tumor marker for _______. |
|
multiple myeloma
|
| Quantitative HcG can indicate _______. It is a _______ tumor marker. |
|
gestational trophoblastic disease; hormonal
|
| What are the 3 distinct phenotypes of cancer cells that aren't associated with normal cells? |
|
indefinite proliferative life span; loss of response to normal regulators of cell growth; and ability to leave a tumor and invade other cells/tissues at any location in the body.
|
|
|
| What is autocrine stimulation? |
|
The process where cancer secretes growth factor to further stimulate it's own growth.
|
| Stage 0 breast cancer... |
|
non-invasive; LCIS and DCIS
|
| The most common _______ tumor marker is PSA. It is indicative of _______ cancer. |
|
PSA = antigen tumor marker; indicative of prostate cancer (The higher the PSA, the higher correlation to cancer).
|
| What needs to happen in order for a tumor to invade? |
|
decreased cell to cell adhesion; migration; mechanical pressure on basement membrane, pushes on tissue; secretion of lytic enzymes, breaks thru; and anchorage independence, allowing proliferation.
|
| What components of inflammation may contribute to cancer and why? |
|
cytokines: in chronic inflammation cytokines promotes proliferation. inflammatory cells: release reactive molecules that promote mutations and blocks DNA repair.
|
| _______ gene has been mapped to chromosome 17. If it mutates, it can no longer act as the stop signal for cell division. |
|
P53
|
| Describe the process of angiogenesis... |
|
The tumor gets too big for it's blood supply (lack of oxygen); Endothelial GF create endothelial cells that create a capillary tube; and Capillary tubes emanate from the arterioles and venules, creating blood supply to tumor.
|
| A subserous leiomyoma is located... |
|
on the outside layer of the uterine wall.
|
| What are signs and symptoms of leiomyomas? |
|
can be asymptomatic; menorrhagia or metromenorrhagia; excessive bleeding, cramping; and increased risk of anemia. Signs and Symptoms depend on location.
|
| _______ is one of the leading causes of lung cancer that isn't smoking related. |
|
Radon
|
| A hereditary cancer is usually the result of a _______. |
|
tumor suppressor gene defect (not oncogens)
|
|
|